APA Format: In-text Citation  


 

Basic Format--Multiple Authors--Different Authors With the Same Last Name

More Than One Work by the Same Author--Multiple Authors Cited Together--

Group Authors--No Author Available

Specific Parts of a Source--Personal Communication

 


Basic Format

The basic format for APA in-text citation is as follows:

(Author's Last Name, Year of Publication)

i.e. One recent study finds a genetic link to alcoholism (Jones, 1997).

 

If the author’s last name appears in the citation, then only the year is required:

i.e. Jones finds a genetic link to alcoholism (1997).


Multiple Authors

When a work has only two authors, use both of their names each time their work is cited, joined by an ampersand (&) if in parentheses, or by the word "and" if in text:

in parentheses--(Cortez & Jones, 1997)

in text--Cortez and Jones (1997)

 For three, four, or five authors, refer to all authors the in the first citation, then use the first author’s last name followed by the abbreviation "et al." in all subsequent citations:

first citation--(Cortez, Jones, Gold, & Hammond, 1998)

subsequent citations--(Cortez et al., 1998)

 For six or more authors, use the first author's last name followed by the abbreviation et al.:

all mentions--(Cortez et al., 1999)


Different Authors With the Same Last Name

When citing different authors with the same last name, include their first and middle initials, so that a reader can differentiate between them:

(B.A. Jones, 1998); (R.F. Jones, 1998)


More Than One Work by the Same Author

If you are citing more than one work by the same author, include enough information so that your reader can differentiate between them. For instance, if you have used two studies by the same authors (from different years), you simply need to include their dates of publication:

(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1989); (Jones, Crick, & Waxson 1998)

or, if you are citing both at once:

(Jones, Crick & Waxson, 1989, 1998)

 If you are citing more than one work from the same year, use the suffixes "a," "b," "c" etc., so that your reader can differentiate between them (these suffixes will correspond to the order of entries in your references page):

(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1999a); (Jones, Crick & Waxson, 1999b)


Multiple Authors Cited Together

The format for this type of citation is similar to that for citing more than one work by the same author (see above), except that semicolons are used to differentiate between authors:

(Jones, 1998; Heckels, 1996; Stolotsky, 1992)


Group Authors

When identifying group authors, use the same format as noted for single authors above, but substitute the company name.

If the name is easy to abbreviate, then write out the full name in the first citation, and abbreviate it in all subsequent citations. If it is difficult to abbreviate, write out the full name each time:

first citation--(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)

subsequent citation--(NIMH, 1999)


No Author Available

If no author is available, use a short form of the title (the shortest form that will allow you to recognize the work properly). For instance, if you were working with a study called "The Effects of Aspirin on Heart Attack Victims" you might use the following:

("The Effects," 1995)

 If you were working with an entire book with no author called Aspirin and Heart Attacks, you might use:

(Aspirin, 1991)

 If the text is attributed to "Anonymous," then use the following format:

(Anonymous, 1999)


Specific Parts of a Source

In general, direct quotes are used much less often in APA style than they are in MLA style. However, if the occasion warrants one, then the following format is used:

(Asaki & Klotzky, 1987. p. 333)


Personal Communication 

Personal communications receive a slightly more elaborate in-text citation, since they are not cited in the references section of an APA-style document:

(H.J. Simpson, personal communication, September 29, 1999)


 

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